3rd Assigment softksill

Berikut empat aturan Embedded Question yang harus Anda perhatikan:
1. Embedded Question tersusun dengan pola subject mendahului verb.
Question : Can you take me home? (Dapatkah Anda mengantar saya pulang?)
Embedded Question : I wonder if you could take me home (Saya berharap jika Anda dapat mengantar saya pulang)
2. Jika Embedded Question merupakan bagian dari kalimat pertanyaan maka diakhiri oleh tanda tanya. Namun, jika merupakan bagian dari sebuah pernyataan, maka Embedded Question diakhiri dengan tanda baca titik (.)
Question : Why didn’t he finish his job? (Kenapa dia tidak menyelesaikan pekerjaannya)
Embedded Question : Do you have any idea why he didn’t finish his job? (Apakah Anda tahu mengapa dia tidak menyelesaikan pekerjaannya?) dalam kalimat pertanyaan
Embedded Question : I’m not sure why he didn’t finish his job (Saya tidak yakin mengapa dia tidak menyelesaikan pekerjaannya)
3. Jika tidak ada kata tanya (where, why, who, what, when, how), maka gunakan if, whether atau whether or not.
Question : Can she speak English? (Dapatkah Anda berbicara bahasa Inggris?)
Embedded Question : Do you know whether she can speak English? (Apakah Anda tahu jika dia dapat berbicara bahasa Inggris?)
4. Contraction (gabungan dari dua kata) tidak digunakan di akhir kalimat
Question : Who are they? (Siapakah mereka)
Embedded Question : Do you know they are? bukan Do you know they’re? (Apakah Anda tahu siapa mereka?) 
Related Links: Jenis Kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris Kualitas Bahasa Inggris di Pendidikan Formal

PENGERTIAN DAN PENGGUNAAN EMBEDDED QUESTION

 
Di dalam struktur kalimat bahasa Inggris, terdapat bentuk pertanyaan yang berbeda dengan kalimat pertanyaan pada umumnya. Kalimat pertanyaan tersebut dikenal dengan Embedded Question, yaitu suatu bentuk pertanyaan yang disisipkan pada kalimat pernyataan atau pertanyaan lainnya. Pola Embedded Question tidak seperti pertanyaan pada bahasa Inggris lazimnya, yaitu :
Subject + verb + question word + subject + (auxiliary) verb
Embedded Question digunakan ketika ingin mengajukan pertanyaan yang lebih sopan atau membicarakan hal yang tidak diketahui oleh pembicara. Umumnya Embedded Question diletakkan setelah frasa sebagai berikut:
• Could you tell me...
• I wonder...
• Do you know...
• Please tell me...
• I’m not sure...
• I wanted to know...
• I have no idea...
• I can’t remember...
• Can you remember...

PENGERTIAN CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian, bisa juga disebut dengan kalimat bersyarat, yang mungkin terjadi jika syarat terpenuhi.
Conditional sentence mempunyai dua bagian, yaitu if-clause dan main clause. Lihat kalimat berikut:
“If I study hard, I will pass the exam.”
(Jika saya belajar dengan giat, saya akan lulus ujian.)
  • If I study hard adalah if-clause, dan
  • I will pass the exam adalah main clause.
Secara umum, conditional sentence dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu tipe 1, 2, dan 3. Jangan khawatir kita akan bahas semuanya!
POLA/RUMUS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Berikut adalah pola/rumus conditional sentence tipe 1, 2, dan 3:
Tipe conditional sentenceIf-clauseMain Clause
Tipe 1If+present simple
If I study hard,		... will+infinitive
I will pass the exam.
Tipe 2If+past simple
If I studied hard,		... would+infinitive
I would pass the exam.
Tipe 3If+past perfect
If I had studied hard,		... would+have+past participle
I would have passed the exam.
Posisi if-clause dan main clause tersebut dapat dibalik dan tidak mengubah maknanya, contoh:
“If I study hard, I will pass the exam.”
“I will pass the exam if I study hard.”
PENJELASAN LENGKAP 3 TIPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Berikut adalah penjelasan lengkap mengenai conditional sentence tipe 1, 2 dan 3.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TIPE 1
Conditional sentence tipe 1 digunakan untuk merujuk pada hal-hal yang mungkin terjadi di masa depan dimana situasinya real/nyata. Pada tipe ini, jika syarat terpenuhi, maka kemungkinan masih bisa terjadi.
Beberapa contoh conditional sentence tipe 1:
If-clauseMain clause
If+present simple... will+infinitive
If it rains,I will stay at home.
If you invite me,I will come to your party,
If he gives her chocolate,she will be happy.
If it doesn't rain,we will go to the library.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TIPE 2
Conditional sentence tipe 2 digunakan untuk: pertama, membicarakan hal-hal di masa depan yang mungkin tidak akan terjadi (seperti membayangkan mimpi misalnya).  Contoh:
If I got scholarship, I would continue my study in London.
(but probably I will not get the scholarship.)
Seandainya saya mendapatkan beasiswa, saya akan melanjutkan kuliah di London.
(tapi mungkin saya tidak mendapatkan beasiswa itu.)
Kedua, untuk membicarakan hal-hal yang terjadi di masa sekarang, yang mustahil terjadi.
If I were you, I would stop smoking.
(but I cannot be you.) Mustahil bagi saya untuk menjadi kamu.
Berikut adalah contoh conditional sentence tipe 2:
If-clauseMain clause
If+past simple... would+infinitive
If I had time,I would go with you.
If she met her mother,She would be happy.
If I were 25,I would get married.
If I were you,I would continue my study.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TIPE 3
Conditional sentence tipe 3 digunakan untuk menggambarkan situasi masa lalu yang tidak terjadi dan membayangkan hasil dari situasi tersebut. Tipe ini mengungkapkan kebalikan dari fakta yang dihadapi. Lihat contoh berikut:
If I had finished my study, I would have worked at big company.
(but I didn’t finish my study and I didn’t work at big company.)
Jika dulu saya menyelesaikan kuliah saya, saya akan bekerja di perusahaan besar.
Tapi faktanya saya tidak menyelesaikan kuliah saya, dan saya tidak bekerja di perusahaan besar.
Contoh lain dari conditional sentence tipe 3:
If-clauseMain clause
If+past perfect... would+have+past participle
If I had locked the car,the thief would not have stolen my car.
If I had known about your problem,I would have offered help.
If my parents had been in Bandung,I would have visited them everyday.
If she hadn't taken the course,she wouldn't have gotten the scholarship.
If she hadn’t taken the course, she wouldn’t have gotten the scholarship.
(but she took the course and she got the scholarship.)
Jika dulu dia tidak mengambil kursus, dia tidak akan mendapatkan beasiswa itu. Tapi faktanya dia mengambil kursus itu dan mendapatkan beasiswa.
Perhatikan!!! Pada conditional sentence tipe 3, had bisa ditempatkan di awal dengan menghilangkan if, atau disebut sebagai bentuk inversi.
  • If I had locked the car, the thief wouldn’t have stolen my car.
  • Had I locked the car, the thief wouldn’t have stolen my car.
Contoh lain:
  • If my parents had been in Bandung, I would have visited them everyday.
  • Had my parents been in Bandung, I would have visited them everyday.

Degrees of Comparison

Pengertian Degree of Comparison

Degree of comparison adalah bentuk adjective atau adverb yang menyatakan perbandingan.
Ada tiga degree of comparison, yaitu: positive, comparative, dan superlative degree.
Lihat juga:

Macam, Aturan, dan Contoh Kalimat Degrees of Comparison

Positive Degree

Ketika digunakan untuk menyatakan perbandingan, positive degree harus digunakan bersama kata as. Positive degree memiliki bentuk standar tanpa perubahan: big, carefully, difficult, easy, rich, etc.

Contoh Kalimat Positive Degree:

adjectiveThe task is not as difficult as you imagine.
(Tugas tersebut tidak sesulit yang kamu bayangkan.)
adverbHe drives as carefully as my father in the residential area.
(Dia mengemudi sehati-hati ayahnya di area perumahan.)

Comparative Degree

Comparative adjective dan comparative adverbdigunakan untuk membandingkan dua hal. Kebanyakannya adjective atau adverb satu suku kata ditambahkan akhiran -er, sedangkan dua suku kata atau lebih diawali dengan kata more. Khusus untuk dua suku kata adjective dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -ier. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, degree of comparison ini biasanya ditemani kata than.
Contoh Comparative DegreeContoh Kalimat Comparative Degree
Comparative Adjective
cold-colder, patient-more patient, happy-happierYour heart is colder than ice.
(Hatimu lebih dingin dari es.)
Comparative Adverb
fast-faster, gently-more gentlyI ran faster than you did.
(Saya berlari lebih cepat dari kamu.)

Superlative Degree

Baik superlative adjective maupun superlative adverb berfungsi untuk membandingankan tiga atau lebih hal. Mayoritas satu suku katanya ditambahkan akhiran -est, sedangkan lebih dari satu suku kata diawali dengan kata most. Adapun untuk dua suku kata adjective dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -iest. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, superlative degree diawali dengan kata the.
Contoh Superlative DegreeContoh Kalimat Superlative Degree
Superlative Adjective
cold-coldest, patient-most patient, happy-happiestYour heart is the coldest of all.
(Hatimu adalah yang terdingin dari semuanya.)
Superlative Adverb
fast-fastest, gently-most gentlyI run the fastest in my class.
(Saya berlari paling cepat di kelas.)
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Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 ( Softskill ) Ke - 3

The Typical Present Perfect Sentence



In order to form a typical sentence in the present perfect simple, choose a subject ((the person or thing that has done the action), add an auxiliary (or helping) verb: has or have + the V3 (past participle) form of the verb and then add the rest of the sentence.
Subjecthave/has +Verb(V3)
(Past Participle)		Rest of Sentence
I / You / We / Theyhave methim before
He / She / Ithas livedhere for three years
The V3 (past participle) form of a regular verb looks just like a regular verb in the past simple:
  1. walk > walked / study > studied / stop > stopped / create > created
There are quite a few irregular verbs in English. It pays to memorize them.
Note: Has Had – A verb combination that often causes confusion in the present perfect simple is has had or have had. Ex. I have had enough of your complaining! Have is the auxiliary (or helping) verb and had is the V3 (or past participle) of the main verb to have. It may look strange, but it is correct.

Contractions in the Present Perfect Simple

In general, we contract the subject (the person or thing that has done the action) and form of have:
  1. I have > I’ve – I’ve used those images before.
  2. He has > He’s / She has > She’s / It has > It’s – He’s already had the surgery.
  3. We have > We’ve / You have > You’ve / They are > They’ve – We’ve just gotten home.
You may have noticed that the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) contractions look like those in the present progressive. You can tell them apart by the use of the V3 and from the context of the sentence: he is > He’s eating now. / he has > He’s eaten dinner already
Save the long forms for when you want to create emphasis. When speaking, you should stress the have/has.
  1. He has sung that song. I know he has.


The Present Perfect Progressive Tense

Useful Tip

Time Expressions in the Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
  • Use since or ever since with a specific month, year or a period in the past > I have been jogging in this park since 2002 / He has been staring at the wall ever since he heard the news.
  • Use for with a number of hours, days, months, years > She’s been talking on the phone for 3 hours.
The present perfect progressive (continuous) is actually easier to understand than the present perfect simple tense. It is used to describe an event that started in the past but is still happening in the present. That event in the present can be
An habitual event:
  1. I have been living in this house for 40 years.
    (I started living in it 40 years ago and I am still living in it today.)
Something that is taking place at this moment:
  1. I have been climbing up this mountain for over two hours.
    (I started climbing up it two hours ago and at this moment I’m still climbing.)
To form the present perfect progressive (continuous), has or have + been + verbing (present participle).
Subjecthave/has + been + verbingrest of sentence
I / You / We / Theyhave been sittinghere for two hours
He / She / Ithas been workingat this company since April

The Past Perfect Simple Tense

Useful Tip

Time Expressions in the Past Perfect Simple
The time expressions already, for, since, and yet may be used in the past perfect simple, as they are in the present perfect simple. Remember the following rules for using other time expressions:
  • Use after, as soon as, the moment that, until before using the past perfect simple.
    Ex: After she had moved out, I found her notes./ I didn’t say anything until she had finishedtalking.
  • Use before, when, by the time before the past simple:
    Ex. Before I knew it, she had run out the door. / By the time he phoned her, she had found someone new.
The past perfect simple is used to describe one action that happened before another action in the past.
In many cases a complete sentence is written in two parts with two different tenses:
  1. The past perfect simple, to refer to the action that happened first or earlier
  2. The past simple to refer to the action that happened second or later
Sometimes the past perfect simple is used on its own and the action that took place afterwards is understood.
  1. After Sofie had finished her work, she went to lunch.
    (First she finished her work and then she went to eat lunch.)
  2. I washed the floor when the painter had gone.
    (First the painter left and then I washed the floor.)
  3. Harold had known about it for a while.
    (First he knew about it, then others knew about it)
The past perfect simple tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb had together with the V3 (past participle). The V3 (past participle) form of a regular verb looks just like a regular verb in the past simple:
  1. walk > walked / study > studied / stop > stopped / create > created
There are quite a few irregular verbs in English though. It pays to memorize them.
Subjecthad +Verb(V3)
(Past Participle)		Rest of Sentence
I / You / We / They
He / She / It		had methim before he became famous
had livedhere for three years by the time we met
Note: The order of phrases may be switched, but the meaning will stay the same.
  1. By the time Doris got to the party, everyone had gone home.
  2. Everyone had gone home by the time Doris had got to the party.
Note: Had Had – A verb combination that often causes confusion in the past perfect simple is had had. Ex. I had had enough to eat but I wanted dessert anyway. The first had is the auxiliary (or helping) verb and the second had is the V3 (or past participle) of the main verb to have. It means that even though I ate enough, I wanted dessert after that. It may look strange, but it is correct.

The Past Perfect Progressive Tense

Spelling Tip

Verbing (Present Participle)
  • Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking
  • For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride > riding
  • For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing. Ex: die > dying, tie > tying
  • For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant and is stressed, double the last letter before adding ing. Ex: beg > begging, begin > beginning. However: enter > entering(last syllable is not stressed)
The past perfect progressive (continuous) is used to describe an action that started in the past and was still in progress when a second action started. Both actions began and ended in the past. As in the past perfect simple, the sentence has two parts:
  1. The past perfect progressive, to refer to the action that was in process
  2. The past simple to refer to the action that happened after the first action
  1. Ben had been working for three hours when Rachel came home.
  2. By the time Sam found an umbrella, it had been raining for ten minutes.
To form the past perfect progressive, use the auxiliary (helping) verb had + been + verbing (present participle).
SubjectHave/Has + Been + VerbingRest of Sentence
I / You / We / They
He / She / It		had been talkingfor two hours when he got up and left
had been textingher long before they met
Note: The order of phrases may be switched, but the meaning will stay the same.
  1. By the time Catherine got to the office, the client had been waiting for an hour.
  2. The client had been waiting for an hour by the time Catherine got to the office.

Subject-Verb Agreement


We will use the standard of underlining subjects once and verbs twice.
Being able to find the right subject and verb will help you correct errors of subject-verb agreement.
Basic Rule. A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Example: The list of items is/are on the desk.
If you know that list is the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.
Rule 1. A subject will come before a phrase beginning with of. This is a key rule for understanding subjects. The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes.

Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and listeners might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following sentence:
Incorrect: A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room.
Correct: A bouquet of yellow roses lends . . . (bouquet lends, not roses lend)
Rule 2. Two singular subjects connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb.
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
Rule 3. The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
This rule can lead to bumps in the road. For example, if I is one of two (or more) subjects, it could lead to this odd sentence:
Awkward: Neither she, my friends, nor I am going to the festival.
If possible, it's best to reword such grammatically correct but awkward sentences.
Better:
Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the festival.OR
She, my friends, and I are not going to the festival.

Rule 4. As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and.
Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
In those sentences, breaking and entering and bed and breakfast are compound nouns.
Rule 5a. Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by such words as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc. These words and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when the subject is singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
Rule 5b. Parentheses are not part of the subject.
Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always welcome.
If this seems awkward, try rewriting the sentence.
Rule 6. In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
NOTE:
The word there's, a contraction of there is, leads to bad habits in informal sentences like There's a lot of people here today, because it's easier to say "there's" than "there are." Take care never to use there's with a plural subject.

Rule 7. Use a singular verb with distances, periods of time, sums of money, etc., when considered as a unit.
Examples:
Three miles is too far to walk.
Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense.
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.BUT
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.
Rule 8. With words that indicate portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—Rule 1 given earlier in this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun after of. If the noun after of is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.
Examples:
A lot of the pie has disappeared.
A lot of the pies have disappeared.
A third of the city is unemployed.
A third of the people are unemployed.
All of the pie is gone.
All of the pies are gone.
Some of the pie is missing.
Some of the pies are missing.
NOTE
In recent years, the SAT testing service has considered none to be strictly singular. However, according to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage: "Clearly none has been both singular and plural since Old English and still is. The notion that it is singular only is a myth of unknown origin that appears to have arisen in the 19th century. If in context it seems like a singular to you, use a singular verb; if it seems like a plural, use a plural verb. Both are acceptable beyond serious criticism." When none is clearly intended to mean "not one," it is followed by a singular verb.

Rule 9. With collective nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population, the verb might be singular or plural, depending on the writer's intent.
Examples:
All of my family has arrived OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is here OR are here.
A third of the population was not in favor OR were not in favor of the bill.
NOTE
Anyone who uses a plural verb with a collective noun must take care to be accurate—and also consistent. It must not be done carelessly. The following is the sort of flawed sentence one sees and hears a lot these days:
The staff is deciding how they want to vote.
Careful speakers and writers would avoid assigning the singular is and the plural they to staff in the same sentence.
Consistent: The staff are deciding how they want to vote.
Rewriting such sentences is recommended whenever possible. The preceding sentence would read even better as:
The staff members are deciding how they want to vote.
Rule 10. The word were replaces was in sentences that express a wish or are contrary to fact:
Example: If Joe were here, you'd be sorry.
Shouldn't Joe be followed by was, not were, given that Joe is singular? But Joe isn't actually here, so we say were, not was. The sentence demonstrates the subjunctive mood, which is used to express things that are hypothetical, wishful, imaginary, or factually contradictory. The subjunctive mood pairs singular subjects with what we usually think of as plural verbs.
Examples:
I wish it were Friday.
She requested that he raise his hand.
In the first example, a wishful statement, not a fact, is being expressed; therefore, were, which we usually think of as a plural verb, is used with the singular it. (Technically, it is the singular subject of the object clause in the subjunctive mood: it were Friday.)

Normally, he raise would sound terrible to us. However, in the second example, where a request is being expressed, the subjunctive mood is correct.

Note: The subjunctive mood is losing ground in spoken English but should still be used in formal speech and writing.
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